Application of chewing gum combined with dexmedetomidine nasal drops in intestinal preparation and rapid rehabilitation of colonoscopy / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To explore the application effect of chewing gum combined with dexmedetomidine nasal drops in colonoscopy intestinal preparation and rapid rehabilitation.Methods:Using the method of clinical controlled trial and convenient sampling, 126 patients who underwent painless colonoscopy in Shaoxing Second Hospital from January 2019 to December 2020 were selected as the study subjects. The patients were divided into control group and observation group with 63 cases in each group by random number table method. The control group was prepared for routine colonoscopy, and the observation group was intervened with chewing gum on the basis of the operation method of the control group. The intestinal cleanliness, the effect of removing bubbles in the intestinal tract, the time consuming of colonoscopy operation (time consuming of inserting the colonoscope and time consuming of removing the colonoscope), defecation (time consuming of first defecation after operation, time consuming of stool emptying before operation) and adverse reactions during colonoscopy were compared between the two groups.Results:Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the general data between the two groups ( P>0.05). After intervention, the cleanliness scores of the right colon, transverse colon and left colon in the observation group were (2.12 ± 0.58) points, (2.23 ± 0.75) points and (2.18 ± 0.46) points respectively, which were higher than those of the control group (1.82 ± 0.63) points, (1.93 ± 0.72) points and (1.90 ± 0.81) points, with a statistically significant difference ( t=-2.78, -2.29, -2.39, all P<0.05). The score of the effect of removing bubbles in the intestine in the observation group was (1.12 ± 0.41) points, it was lower than that of the control group (1.87 ± 0.45) points, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=9.78, P<0.05). After intervention, the time of inserting the mirror, the time of first defecation after operation and the time of emptying stool before operation in the observation group were (5.46 ± 1.12) min, (50.36 ± 10.67) min and (141.03 ± 14.31) min respectively, which were lower than those in the control group (6.53 ± 1.25) min, (67.02 ± 11.25) min and (153.35 ± 17.32) min, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=5.06, 8.53, 4.35, all P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the time of withdrawing the mirror ( P>0.05) and adverse reactions ( t=1.49, χ2=0.00, both P>0.05). Conclusions:Chewing gum combined with dexmedetomidine nasal drip can improve the effect of intestinal preparation and promote the rehabilitation after colonoscopy without increasing the risk of adverse reactions.

Effects of chewing gum on mask contamination

Aims@#The aim of this study was to evaluate whether chewing gum affects mask contamination.@*Methodology and results@#Two groups of participants were requested to wear a mask for 15 min with (experimental group) or without (control group) chewing gum. Then, masks were collected and CFU calculation and 16S rDNA sequencing was performed. We found that temperature, humidity and bacterial CFU inside of the mask significantly increased when wearing a mask while chewing gum. Staphylococcus epidermidis was found in both groups. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus parasanguinis and Bacillus wiedmannii were found in only the experimental group.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Chewing gum significantly increased the temperature, humidity and bacterial CFU inside the mask. Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, S. haemolyticus, S. oralis, S. parasanguinis and B. wiedmannii were detected inside the mask after chewing gum.

Effectiveness of Chewing Gum Containing CPP-ACP for Remineralisation of Demineralised Enamel around Orthodontic Brackets: An in Situ Study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of chewing gums containing CPP-ACP in remineralisation of demineralised enamel around orthodontic brackets. Material and Methods: Enamel blocks from 120 bovine incisors were used. The blocks were flattened and polished, followed by the development of incipient subsurface caries. The blocks have been subjected to a baseline microhardness analysis. Orthodontic brackets were bonded to the exposed area of the blocks, reserving an area for hardness analysis. An in situ crossover (three-way crossover phases of 21 days with an interval of one week between them), controlled, randomised and blind experimental model was used, with the participation of 12 volunteers divided into groups: G1 - negative control group, without chewing gum; G2 - conventional sugar-free chewing gum, without CPP-ACP (placebo); and G3 - sugar-free chewing gum with CPP-ACP. The following parameters were analysed: superficial linear (Ra), volumetric roughness (Sa), and superficial structural loss, which was indicated by Gap measurement (difference between the healthy and treated area). Statistical tests used were the Friedman, Wilcoxon and Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal Wallis' nonparametric tests and ANOVA. Results: There was a significant reduction in enamel microhardness after demineralisation in all the groups (p<0.05). This deleterious effect was attenuated in the three groups after the final evaluation, although there were no statistical differences (p<0.05); however, the final values did not return to the baseline values (p<0.05). Conclusion: Chewing gum containing CPP-ACP did not promote in situ remineralisation of demineralised enamel around orthodontic brackets.

Investigação do potencial erosivo de gomas de mascar não convencionais / Investigation the erosive potential of unconventional chewing gums

Objetivo: mensurar o potencial erosivo de gomas de mascar não convencionais disponíveis no mercado brasileiro. Material e método: estudo experimental (in vitro) de caráter quantitativo. Foram adquiridos oito sabores de gomas de mascar: Poosh® (pinta língua); Plutonita® (abraço congelante, dentada ardente, baba de bruxa e língua ácida); e TNT® (sangue, lava e tumba). Para análise da acidez, foram realizadas leituras em triplicata do pH e acidez titulável (AT), utilizando um potenciômetro e eletrodo combinado de vidro em soluções obtidas após a maceração das gomas de mascar em água duplamente deionizada. Nas soluções com valores de pH inferiores a 5,5, foi mensurada a AT adicionando-se alíquotas de 100 µLNaOH 0,1 M, até alcançar pH 5,5. Os resultados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância (ANOVA). As comparações das médias de pH e acidez titulável foram realizadas pelo teste de Tukey, com um nível de 5% de significância (p<0,05). Resultados: os valores de pH variaram entre 2,4 (abraço congelante) e 3,5 (baba de bruxa), diferin-do significantemente do controle (água mineral/pH=6,2). Os valores de acidez titulável variaram entre 628µL de NaOH 0,1 M (sangue) e 10700µL de NaOH 0,1 M (abraço congelante). A goma de mascar sabor abraço congelante apresentou o pH mais baixo e a mais elevada acidez titulável, diferindo significantemente dos demais sabores. Conclusões: as gomas de mascar avaliadas são ácidas, mas diferem quanto ao seu potencial erosivo. Seu consumo abusivo pode constituir um fator de risco para erosão dental.(AU)

Objective: to measure the erosive potential of non- -conventional chewing gums available in the Brazilian market. Material and methods: this is an in vitro study using the following flavors of chewing gums from the Brazilian market: Poosh® (tongue cleaner); Plutonita® (freezing hug, burning bite, witch slime and acid tongue); TNT® (blood, lava and tomb). For acidity analysis, pH and titratable acidity (TA) readings were performed in triplicate using a potentiometer and combined glass electrode in solutions obtained after maceration of the chewing gums in double deionized water. In solutions with pH values below 5.5, the TA was measured by adding aliquots of 100 µL 0.1 M NaOH, until pH 5.5 was reached. The results were submitted to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Comparisons of pH and titratable acidity means were performed by Tukey test at a 5% significance level (p<0.05). Results: the pH values that ranged from 2.4 (freezing hug) to 3.5 (witch's slime) differed significantly from the control (mineral water/ pH=6.2). Titratable acidity values ranged from 628µL of 0.1 M NaOH (blood) to 10700µL of 0.1 M NaOH (freezing hug). The freezing hug flavor chewing gum had the lowest pH and the highest titratable acidity differing significantly from the other flavors. Conclusions: the evaluated chewing gums are acidic, but differ in their erosive potential. Their abusive consumption may constitute a risk factor for dental erosion.(AU)

The effectiveness of apple, sugar-free chewing gum, Rolly Brush® and tooth brushing in the reduction of plaque index: Crossover randomized clinical trial

Background: The implementation of the self-cleaning practice is of fundamental importance for the maintenance of oral health and to remove the human dental biofilm which is considered the main etiological factor for the development of caries and periodontal diseases. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the use of chewing gum, Rolly Brush® and apples as forms of mechanical control and removal of the dental biofilm in the absence of brushing. Materials and Methods: Eighteen volunteers were submitted to plaque index evaluation after a period of 24 hours of no oral hygiene. Then, they would use one of the methods: chewing gum, Rolly Brush®, apple or tooth brushing, chosen by a draw, for one minute, and then, plaque index was evaluated again. This stage was repeated until all participants were submitted to all selected methods, in periods of 24 hours each. Results: Dental brushing was more effective when compared to each of the other methods applied and there was a statistically significant reduction of dental plaque index after apllying all methods of cleaning in all groups. Conclusion: Chewing gum, Rolly Brush® and apple may be used as auxiliary to dental brushing or when such method is impossible to be performed. Clinicaltrials.gov: number of protocol NCT 03.601.585.

Fundamento: A implementação da prática de autolimpeza é de fundamental importância para a manutenção da saúde bucal e remoção do biofilme dental humano que é considerado o principal fator etiológico para o desenvolvimento de cáries e doenças periodontais. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de goma de mascar, Rolly Brush® e maçã como formas de controle mecânico e remoção do biofilme dental na ausência de escovação. Materiais e Métodos: Dezoito voluntários foram submetidos à avaliação do índice de placa após um período de 24 horas sem higiene bucal. Em seguida, utilizariam um dos métodos: goma de mascar, Rolly Brush®, ingerir uma maçã e escovar os dentes, escolhida por sorteio, por um minuto, e então, o índice de placa era novamente avaliado. Essa etapa foi repetida até que todos os participantes fossem submetidos a todos os métodos selecionados, em períodos de 24 horas cada. Resultados: A escovação dentária foi mais eficaz quando comparada a cada um dos outros métodos aplicados e houve redução estatisticamente significativa do índice de placa dentária após a aplicação do método de limpeza em todos os grupos. Conclusão: Goma de mascar, Rolly Brush® e maçã podem ser utilizados como auxiliares da escovação dentária ou quando tal método for impossível de ser realizado. Clinicaltrials.gov: Número do protocolo NCT 03.601.585.

Evaluation of Masticatory Performance and Patient Satisfaction Before and After Posterior Implant Restoration

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the improvement in masticatory performances two weeks after posterior implant restoration. Material and Methods: Nine patients with missing first and second molars were included in the study. Masticatory performances were evaluated using subjective and objective methods utilizing color-changeable chewing gum and the visual analog scale (VAS) assessment. The subjects were asked to chew the color-changeable chewing gums before and two weeks after the posterior implant restoration. Their expectations regarding aesthetics and function were verified on the VAS before implant placement. Additionally, the VAS was used for the posttreatment completion rating two weeks after the implant restoration. Results: Significant differences in masticatory performance were noted at baseline (before implant posterior restoration) and two weeks after implant restoration (p<0.05). The posttreatment aesthetic and functional expectations ratings significantly exceeded the expectations (p<0.05). Conclusion: Masticatory performances were improved two weeks after implant restoration. In addition, the significant posttreatment ratings of the patients exceeded their initial expectations. In particular, patients with poor masticatory functions demonstrated significant improvements and satisfaction following implant restoration compared to those with good mastication. These findings indicate that a posterior implant restoration can increase the masticatory performance.

Impact of Chewing Gum Protocol on Delayed Gastric Emptying Following Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Introduction: Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is one of the most troublesome post-operative complications following pancreatic resection. Not only does it contribute considerably to prolonged hospitalization but it is also associated with an increased cost of treatment, necessitates the use of additional investigations and procedures, and can cause life-threatening complications. Aim: This study aims to study the feasibility of implementing chewing gum protocol in pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) with pancreaticogastrostomy, using historical control for comparison. Materials and Methods: Patients having pancreatic, periampullary cancer and other diseases who were planned for elective PD procedures were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups, control group: Traditional protocol and intervention group: Chewing gum intervention. The primary endpoint for this study was fixed as the occurrence of DGE following PD. Results: Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the occurrence of DGE and its related parameters such as time for the removal of nasogastric tube (NGT) and time to start an oral solid diet. It also showed a significant difference in secondary parameters such as time to first flatus, time to stools, and post-operative hospital stay. Multivariate analysis also showed a significant beneficial effect of chewing gum. Conclusion: In patients undergoing PD, implementing gum chewing in the early post-operative period is easy, inexpensive, and without any adverse events. Gum chewing has significantly reduced the incidence of DGE and its parameters such as time to the removal of NGT, resumption of solid diet, time to the passage of first flatus, time to the passage of first stool, and thereby reduced the post-operative hospital stay significantly.

Masticatory ability is associated with bone mineral density in young women with normal bone mineral density / 体力科学

We examined the relationship between masticatory ability and bone mineral density (BMD) and the role of muscle strength in those relationships in 156 female university students. Masticatory ability was assessed using a color-changeable chewing gum method. The BMD of the calcaneus was measured using quantitative ultrasonography and represented by a T-score, the standard deviation (SD) from the mean BMD of young adults. Body composition, grip strength, physical activity level, and daily nutrient intake were also assessed. Osteopenia, defined as the T-score < ‒1.0 SD, was present in 43 participants (27.6%). There was no significant relationship between masticatory ability (ΔE) and T-score in all participants. In participants with normal BMD (T-score ≧ ‒1.0 SD: the normal BMD group), masticatory ability significantly correlated to BMD (r = 0.289, p = 0.002). There was significant correlation between ΔE and grip strength neither in all participants nor in either group, although the grip strength in the normal BMD group was greater than that in the participants with osteopenia (the low BMD group) (p = 0.039). Physical activity level was positively correlated to the total daily energy intake (r = 0.193, p = 0.041) only in the normal BMD group. The present results suggest that masticatory ability is associated with BMD in young females with normal BMD, but the role of muscle strength in those relationships remains unclear. Meanwhile, there was no relationship between masticatory ability and BMD in young individuals with lower BMD.

Assessment of adherence to preventive treatment of plaque-induced oral diseases using sugar-free gums: a controlled clinical trial / Evaluación de la adhesión al tratamiento preventivo de enfermedades bucales inducidas por placa bacteriana mediante el uso de gomas de mascar sin azúcar: ensayo clínico controlado

Abstract Introduction: the aim of this study was to assess the adherence to a preventive treatment of plaque-induced oral diseases using two sugar-free gums, establishing their effect on cariogenic bacteria counts as a biological marker of treatment response. Methods: a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, controlled intervention study was conducted in 96 young adult university students in an experimental period of 30 days. Participants were distributed into two groups and given a chewing gum with either pentitol or hexitol + CPP-ACP complex to be taken three times a day for 20 minutes after conventional oral hygiene. Saliva samples were collected at baseline to evaluate counts of Streptococcus mutans (SM) and Lactobacillus spp. A survey was conducted at the end of the experimental period to assess the levels of adherence to treatment, remeasuring bacterial counts. Results: SM counts showed statistically significant differences between the study groups at the end of the experimental period, with a decreasing tendency in both groups. Intragroup difference was observed in patients who took pentitol gum with a marked reduction in SM counts. Conclusion: the final estimate of adherence to treatment showed that the type of chewing gum patients were given had no influence and therefore such gums can be used, considering the therapeutic agents that most contribute to patient's particular case and preferences.

Resumen Introducción: el objetivo consistió en evaluar la adherencia a un tratamiento preventivo de enfermedades bucales inducidas por placa bacteriana, utilizando dos gomas de mascar sin azúcar y establecer su efecto sobre recuentos de bacterias cariogénicas como indicador biológico de los efectos del tratamiento. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de intervención, doble ciego, de grupos paralelos, aleatorizado controlado, en 96 adultos jóvenes universitarios, en un período experimental de 30 días. Los participantes fueron distribuidos en dos grupos con asignación de una goma de mascar con pentitol o con hexitol + complejo CPP-ACP que debían ser consumidas 20 minutos/tres veces al día después de la higiene oral convencional. Al inicio del studio fueron recolectadas muestras de saliva para evaluar recuentos de Estreptococos del grupo mutans (SM) y Lactobacillus spp. Al finalizar el período experimental, se realizó una encuesta para evaluar los niveles deadherencia al tratamiento y los recuentos bacterianos fueron medidos nuevamente. Resultados: Los recuentos de SM mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos de estudio al final del período experimental, con tendencia hacia la disminución en ambos grupos. Se observó diferencia intragrupo en los pacientes que consumieron la goma de mascar con pentitol, con marcada reducción de los recuentos de SM. Conclusión: la estimación final de la adherencia al tratamiento mostró que el tipo de goma de mascar asignada al paciente no tuvo influencia y, por lo tanto, estas pueden ser utilizadas teniendo en cuenta los agentes terapéuticos que más aporten al caso particular del paciente y las preferencias del mismo.

Effect of chewing gum on thirst: an integrative review / Efecto de la goma de mascar sobre la sed: revisión integrativa / Efeito da goma de mascar sobre a sede: revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify and analyze the evidence on the effect of chewing gum on thirst in adults. Method: Integrative review, guided by the question: "What is the scientific evidence about the effects of chewing gum on adult's thirst?" LILACS, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were the databases consulted. Results: Of a total of 2,414 articles found, 12 papers were selected whose publications varied between 1991 and 2016. The use of chewing gum resulted in increased salivary volume (five studies), xerostomia relief (seven studies), and thirst reduction (four studies). It was not possible to establish the number of chewing gums per day, being frequent the recommendation to use as desired. There was a predominance of studies with patients under dialysis and with cancer. Conclusion: Chewing gum is an effective strategy to reduce thirst discomfort in adults.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar y analizar las evidencias en cuanto al efecto de la goma de mascar sobre la sed en adultos. Método: Revisión integrativa, orientada por la cuestión: "¿Cuáles son las evidencias científicas acerca de los efectos de la goma de mascar sobre la sed en adultos?" Las bases de datos consultadas fueron: LILACS, PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science. Resultados: De un total de 2.414 artículos encontrados, se seleccionaron 12 trabajos cuyas publicaciones variaron entre los años 1991 y 2016. El uso de la goma de mascar resultó en el aumento del volumen salivar (cinco estudios), en el alivio de la xerostomía (siete estudios) y en la reducción de la sed (cuatro estudios). No fue posible establecer el número de gomas al día, siendo frecuente la recomendación de utilizarse según lo deseado. Hubo predominio de estudios con pacientes dialíticos y con pacientes con cáncer. Conclusión: La goma de mascar es una estrategia efectiva para reducir la molestia de la sed en adultos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar e analisar as evidências quanto ao efeito da goma de mascar sobre a sede em adultos. Método: Revisão integrativa, norteada pela questão: "Quais são as evidências científicas acerca dos efeitos da goma de mascar sobre a sede em adultos?" As bases de dados consultadas foram: LILACS, PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science. Resultados: De um total de 2.414 artigos encontrados, selecionaram-se 12 trabalhos cujas publicações variaram entre os anos de 1991 e 2016. O uso da goma de mascar resultou no aumento do volume salivar (cinco estudos), no alívio da xerostomia (sete estudos) e na redução da sede (quatro estudos). Não foi possível estabelecer o número de gomas por dia, sendo frequente a recomendação de utilizar-se conforme desejado. Houve predomínio de estudos com pacientes dialíticos e com pacientes oncológicos. Conclusão: A goma de mascar é uma estratégia efetiva para reduzir o desconforto da sede em adultos.

Effect of sugar-free chewing gum on plaque and gingivitis among 14–15-year-old school children: A randomized controlled trial

Aim: The aim of the study was to find out the effect of sugar-free chewing gums (xylitol and sorbitol) on plaque and gingivitis among 14–15-year-old school children. Materials and Methods: A single center, double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted on 14–15-year-old children. Sample size was determined to be 48. Participants were randomly allocated to test group (xylitol [n = 12], sorbitol [n = 12]) and control group (no gum, n = 24). Duration of the study was 14 days. Baseline assessment of plaque, gingival, and bleeding score, followed by oral prophylaxis. Selected children received daily two chewing gum (1.1 g each) to chew for 20 min postbreakfast and postlunch. Follow-up was done on 15th day. Analysis was done using independent t-test, ANOVA, and post hoc test. Significance level was kept at P < 0.05. Results: There was a significant reduction in plaque, gingival, and bleeding score in test group (P < 0.05) compared to control group. Conclusion: Sugar-free gum (xylitol and sorbitol) significantly reduced the plaque, gingival, and bleeding score.

Goma de mascar mentolada no manejo da sede pré-operatória: ensaio clínico randomizado / Menthol chewing gum on preoperative thirst management: randomized clinical trial / Goma de mascar mentolada en el manejo de la sed preoperatoria: ensayo clínico aleatorizado

Objetivo avaliar a efetividade da goma de mascar mentolada em aliviar a intensidade e o desconforto da sede do paciente cirúrgico no período pré-operatório. Método ensaio clínico controlado randomizado, com 102 pacientes em período pré-operatório, aleatorizados em grupo-controle, com cuidado usual, e grupo experimental, que recebeu goma de mascar mentolada, a variável de tratamento do estudo. O desfecho clínico primário foi a variação da intensidade da sede, avaliada pela Escala Verbal Numérica, e o secundário, a variação do desconforto da sede, avaliada pela Escala de Desconforto da Sede Perioperatória. Teste de Mann-Whitney foi usado para comparar as medidas entre os grupos. Nível de significância adotado de 0,05. Resultados a goma de mascar mentolada reduziu significativamente a intensidade (p<0,001), com d de Cohen de efeito médio, e o desconforto da sede (p<0,001), com d de Cohen de efeito grande. Conclusão a goma de mascar mentolada mostrou-se efetiva na redução da intensidade e do desconforto da sede pré-operatória. A estratégia mostrou-se uma opção inovadora, viável e segura no uso para o paciente cirúrgico, no manejo da sede pré-operatória, em cirurgias eletivas. NCT: 03200197.

Objective to evaluate the effectiveness of menthol chewing gum, in the relief of the intensity and discomfort of the surgical patient's thirst in the preoperative period. Method a randomized controlled trial, with 102 patients in the preoperative period, randomized in a control group, with usual care, and an experimental group, which received menthol gum, which was the study treatment variable. The primary clinical outcome was the variation in thirst intensity, evaluated by the Numeral Verbal Scale, and the secondary, the variation of the discomfort of thirst, evaluated by the Perioperative Thirst Discomfort Scale. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare measures between groups. The significance level adopted was of 0.05. Results menthol chewing gum significantly reduced the intensity (p <0.001), with Cohen's medium-effect d, and thirst discomfort (p <0.001), with a large-effect Cohen's d. Conclusion menthol chewing gum was effective in reducing the intensity and discomfort of preoperative thirst. The strategy proved to be an innovative, feasible and safe option in the use for the surgical patient, in the management of the preoperative thirst, in elective surgeries. NCT: 03200197.

Objetivo evaluar la efectividad de la goma de mascar mentolada en aliviar la intensidad y la incomodidad de la sed del paciente quirúrgico en el período preoperatorio. Método ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado, con 102 pacientes en período preoperatorio, aleatorizados en grupo control, con cuidado usual, y grupo experimental, que recibió goma de mascar mentolada, la variable de tratamiento del estudio. El resultado clínico primario fue la variación de la intensidad de la sed, evaluada por la Escala Verbal Numérica, y el secundario, la variación de la incomodidad de la sed, evaluada por la Escala de Desconocimiento de la Sede Perioperatoria. La prueba de Mann-Whitney fue utilizada para comparar las medidas entre los grupos. Nivel de significancia adoptado de 0,05. Resultados la goma de mascar mentolada redujo significativamente la intensidad (p <0,001), con d de Cohen de efecto promedio, y el malestar de la sed (p <0,001), con d de Cohen de efecto grande. Conclusión la goma de mascar mentolada se mostró efectiva en la reducción de la intensidad y de la incomodidad de la sed preoperatoria. La estrategia se mostró una opción innovadora, viable y segura en el uso para el paciente quirúrgico, en el manejo de la sed preoperatoria, en cirugías electivas. NCT: 03200197.

Effectiveness of xylitol and polyol chewing gum on salivary streptococcus mutans in children: A randomized controlled trial

Dental caries is a multi-factorial, infectious disease, the prevention of which is based on multifaceted approaches. Chewing sugar-free gum has potential beneficial effects on dental health. Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess and compare the effectiveness of xylitol and polyol chewing gums on salivary Streptococcus mutans in 12–15 years old schoolchildren residing in hostels in Belgaum city. The acceptability of the two chewing gums was also assessed. Materials and Methods: Sixty children of 12–15 year age groups from three hostels, who fulfilled all the inclusion criteria, were included in this triple blind randomized controlled field trial. They were then randomly allocated into one of the three groups using lottery method. Xylitol chewing gum, polyol chewing gum and control group (no chewing gum). Patients were instructed to chew one pellet two times a day after meals for 5 min each for 30 days. Salivary samples were collected at baseline, 30 days after chewing gum use and 30 days after discontinuation, for microbiological analysis. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software version 18. Results: Chewing 100% xylitol chewing gum 2 times a day for 5 min for 30 days can successfully reduce salivary S. mutans counts. The xylitol gum has shown a maximum benefit against salivary S. mutans when compared to polyol gum and control group. Conclusion: Xylitol-containing chewing gums can be used as an adjunct to regular home care preventive procedures to prevent dental caries.

Effect of Chewing Gum on Abdominal Discomfort, the First Defecation, and Constipation after Spine Surgery / 임상간호연구

PURPOSE: This study aim to determine the effect of chewing gum on the reduction of postoperative ileus and recovery after surgery. METHODS: The study was conducted as a randomized controlled trial among 82 patients who underwent spine surgery between May 2015 and October 2015. Patients in experimental group chewed sugarless gum 3 times daily for 30 minutes each time until POD 5. Abdominal discomfort, the first defecation, and CAS score (Constipation Assessment Scale) were monitored. RESULTS: After the experiment, abdominal discomfort was significantly decreased in the experimental group compared to that of the control group (F=2.46, p=.044). However, the first defecation occurred on postoperative hour 69.6 in the chewing gum group and on hour 60.2 in the control group (t=−1.63, p=.107). CAS was significantly decreased in the experimental group compared to that of the control group (F=3.51, p=.012). CONCLUSION: Chewing gum is expected to help patient recover after surgery as safe nurse intervention which can reduce abdominal discomfort and constipation during early postoperative days after spine surgery.

Terapia de reemplazo de nicotina / Nicotine replacement therapy

Resumen Todas las formas comercialmente disponibles de terapia de reemplazo de nicotina (TRN) (chicles, parche transdérmico, aerosol nasal, inhalador y tabletas sublinguales / lozenges) pueden ayudar a de dejar de fumar con éxito. TRN aumenta la tasa cesación en un 50 a 70%. La combinación de un parche de nicotina con una forma de administración rápida de TRN es más eficaz que un solo tipo de NRT. No hay diferencia en la eficacia entre TRN y bupropión, la combinación de NRT y bupropión es más efectiva que bupropión solamente. Los efectos de TRN son en gran parte independientes de la duración de la terapia, la intensidad del apoyo prestado o lugar en el que se ofreció. Según expertos chilenos, se puede usar TRN en adolescentes, en forma de chicles de 2 mg asociado a terapia conductual. Si una embarazada expresa un claro deseo de recibir TRN, se sugiere (i) discutir con ella los riesgos y beneficios asociados, (ii) utilizarla sólo si falla la cesación con medidas no farmacológicas y (iii) utilizar el criterio profesional al decidir si ofrecer la prescripción de TRN, tomando en cuenta el nivel de adicción de la embarazada y la presencia de comorbilidades. Estos fármacos existen en Chile, pero no están hasta el momento disponibles en el sistema público de salud.

All commercially available forms of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) (gum, transdermal patch, nasal spray, inhaler and sublingual tablets/pills) can help to quit smoking successfully. NRT increases the cessation rate by 50 to 70%. The combination of a nicotine patch with a rapid dosage form of NRT is more effective than a single type of NRT. There is no difference in efficacy between NRT and bupropion, the combination of NRT and bupropion is more effective than bupropion alone. The effects are largely independent of the duration of therapy, the intensity of the support provided or the setting in which the NRT was offered. According to Chilean experts, NRT can be used in adolescents, as chewing gum 2 mg adding behavioral therapy. If a pregnant woman expresses a clear desire to use NRT, it is suggested (i) discuss the associated risks and benefits with her, (ii) use it only if the cessation fails with non-pharmacological measures and iii) use the professional approach when deciding whether to offer the prescription of NRT, considering the level of addiction of the pregnant woman and the presence of comorbidities. TRN exists in Chile, but is not currently available in the public health system.

In situ effect of CPP-ACP chewing gum upon erosive enamel loss

Abstract Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) is able to increase salivary calcium and phosphate levels at an acidic pH. Previous studies demonstrated that a CPP-ACP chewing gum was able to enhance the re-hardening of erosion lesions, but could not diminish enamel hardness loss. Therefore, there is no consensus regarding the effectiveness of CPP-ACP on dental erosion. Objective This in situ study investigated the ability of a CPP-ACP chewing gum in preventing erosive enamel loss. Material and Methods: During three experimental crossover phases (one phase per group) of seven days each, eight volunteers wore palatal devices with human enamel blocks. The groups were: GI - Sugar free chewing gum with CPP-ACP; GII - Conventional sugar free chewing gum; and GIII - No chewing gum (control). Erosive challenge was extraorally performed by immersion of the enamel blocks in cola drink (5 min, 4x/day). After each challenge, in groups CPP and No CPP, volunteers chewed one unit of the corresponding chewing gum for 30 minutes. Quantitative analysis of enamel loss was performed by profilometry (µm). Data were analyzed by Repeated-Measures ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05). Results The use of chewing gum (CPP and No CPP) resulted in lower erosive enamel loss compared with the control group (p<0.05). CPP-ACP chewing gum (CPP) did not improve the protection against erosive enamel loss compared with conventional chewing gum (No CPP) (p>0.05). Conclusion The CPP-ACP chewing gum was not able to enhance the anti-erosive effect of conventional chewing gum against enamel loss.

Effect of Chewing Gum Containing CPP-ACP on Salivary Flow and Buffer Capacity: An in vivo Study

Objective: To evaluate salivary flow and buffer capacity by means of mechanical and chemical-mechanical stimuli, through the use of chewing gums. Material and Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study with 12 volunteers, divided into three groups, in three phases: Group A: paraffin gum; Group B: Chewing gum without sucrose, flavored (Trident®); Group C: Flavored chewing gum, without sucrose and amorphous calcium casein-phosphate phosphopeptide (Trident Total®). The stimulated total saliva was collected after 5 minutes of mastication of one of the products and the volume was expressed in mL / min. The same sample was submitted to pH measurement with the use of a digital potentiometer, where the results were classified in normal buffer capacity (final pH between 5.0 and 7.0) or low (final pH <4.0). The results were evaluated regarding the normality of the sample distribution (Shapiro-Wilk test), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test. Results: Chewing gums increased the salivary flow of the volunteers, when compared to the control group (paraffin) (1.53 mL / min), differing statistically from the group, although there was no difference between Trident® (2.09 mL / Min) and Trident Total® (2.06mL / min). Regarding the buffer capacity, the values obtained were 6.94 (paraffin), 6.99 (Trident®) and 6.93 (Trident Total®), with no difference between groups (p = 0.713). Conclusion: It was concluded that chewing gums, with and without CPP-ACP, increased the salivary flow in relation to the control group. In relation to buffer capacity the values obtained for chewing gums with and without CPP-ACP, are shown to be within the normal range.

Effect of Different Sugar Free Flavoured Chewing Gums on Salivary pH- a Double Blinded, Parallel Arm Randomized Clinical Trial.

Aim: To evaluate and compare the effect of four different sugar free chewing-gums on salivary pH at 0, 10, 20, 30 minutes. Study Design: Double blinded, parallel arm Randomized Clinical Trial. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Public Health Dentistry, College Of Dental Sciences, Davangere, India. Jan-Feb 2015. Methodology: Forty healthy dental students, aged 21 -25 years, mean age- 20.3 years were randomly allocated into 4 different study groups: Licorice group, Ginger group, Cinnamon group, and Xylitol group. Unstimulated saliva was collected from the participants at baseline, following which the participants were given respective gums to chew and the subsequent salivary samples were collected at intervals of 10, 20 & 30 minutes and pH was analyzed using pH meter. Statistical analysis was done using repeated measures ANOVA and One way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. Results: Intergroup comparison showed, statistically significant difference between the groups at ten minutes (P=0.025), twenty minutes (P=0.004) and thirty minutes (P=0.001). At the end of thirty minutes, Ginger group showed maximum increase in salivary pH followed by Xylitol. When intragroup analysis was done, there was statistically significant difference in Licorice (P=0.033), Cinnamon (P=0.034) and Xylitol group (P=0.041) at different time intervals. Conclusion: The above results showed that, Ginger flavoured gum followed by Xylitol gum significantly increases salivary pH, as a means of caries prevention; it can be a good way to promote dental health. Hence, it can be suggested that the ginger flavoured gums can be advised in the subjects who are more susceptible to salivary pH fall and dental caries.

Effect of gum chewing on bowel function recovery in patients after radical cystectomy with urinary diversion / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To determine whether chewing gum during the postoperative period facilitates the recovery of bowel function in patients after radical cystectomy with ileum urinary diversion.Methods:In the study,60 patients who underwent radical cystectomy followed by ileum urinary diversions during Nov.2014 and Nov.2015 in Department of Urology of Peking University First Hospital were randomized into three groups:gum chewing group,placebo group treated with the abdomen physical therapy machine and control group treated with ordinary method.Time to flatus,time to bowel movement,incidence of postoperative distension of the abdomen and abdominal pain,and gut related complications (such as ileus,intestinal fistula,and volrulus)of all the patients were recorded and analysed.Results:In gum chewing group,the median time to flatus was 57 hours (49 -72 hours),and the median time to bowel movement was 95 hours (88 -109 hours),which were significantly shortened compared with the other two groups of patients (82 hours,109 hours in placebo group and 81 hours,108 hours in control group, respectively).No significant difference of the median time to flatus and to bowel movement was observed between placebo group and control group.There were no significant differences in the incidence of post-operative distension of the abdomen and abdominal pain,and gut related complications among the three groups.Conclusion:Chewing gum had stimulatory effect on bowel function recovery after cystectomy fol-lowed by ileum urinary diversion.Chewing gum was safe and simple,and could be routinely used for postoperative treatment after cystectomy and ileum urinary diversion.

The use of sugar free chewing gum as a supplement in the prevention of dental caries. Narrative Review / Uso del chicle libre de azúcar como complemento en la prevención de la caries dental: revisión narrativa

Dental caries is one of the most prevalent diseases. The WHO has classified it as one of the major public health problems worldwide. That is why a special emphasis has been paid to developing new preventive methods and the use of gum without sugar has been included as one of them. This strategy has significant benefits on oral health due to: (1) saliva stimulation, which favors teeth clearance and regulates the pH; (2) remineralization promotion as a result of the above and incorporation of minerals to the gum;(3) mechanical control of the bacterial plaque; (4) replacement of sugar by sweeteners which are harmful for bacteria (the most commonly used is xylitol) and (5) incorporation of active agents such as bicarbonate, casein, urea, chlorhexidine and chitosan, among others. Despite these benefits, the effect of the gum is considered to be weak for dental caries prevention when used instead of brushing. Therefore, its implementation must be proposed as a complement to oral hygiene routines and not as a preventive measure by itself. It is necessary to carry out a greater amount of clinical trials to evaluate its effectiveness in a context of high biological variability in the short and long term and including patients of different sex, age, socio-economic status and systemic health...

La caries dental constituye una de las enfermedades de mayor prevalencia, siendo catalogada por la OMS como uno de los principales problemas de saludpública a nivel mundial. Por ésta razón se ha enfatizado en el desarrollo de nuevos métodos preventivos a los que se ha incorporado el uso del chicle sin azúcar. Con esta estrategia es posible obtener importantes beneficios para la salud oral producto de: (1) estimulación de la salivación, lo que favorece el aclaramiento y regula el pH; (2) promoción de la remineralización como consecuencia de lo anterior y de la incorporación de minerales a la goma de mascar; (3) control mecánico de la placa bacteriana; (4) sustitucióndel azúcar por edulcorantes nocivos para las bacterias, de los cuales el más utilizado es el xilitol; e (5) incorporaciónde agentes activos tales como bicarbonato, caseína, urea, clorhexidina y quitosano, entre otros. Pese a proporcionar ésta serie de beneficios se considera que el efecto del chiclees débil en la prevención de caries cuando éste propósito se busca en ausencia de cepillado dental y por lo tanto debe proponerse su implementación como complemento a las rutinas de higiene oral y no como una medida preventiva por sí sola, siendo necesario realizar una mayor cantidad de ensayos clínicos, a corto y largo plazo, que evalúen laefectividad en un contexto de alta variabilidad biológica, incluyendo pacientes de distinto sexo, edad, situación socioeconómica y salud sistémica...